Currently this gauging UTS is controlled by: ASME/ANSI B1.2-1983 Gauges And Gauging For Unified Inch Screw Threads ASME/ANSI B1.3M-1992 Screw Thread Gauging Systems Dimensional Acceptability Inch Metric Screw Threads These Standards provide essential specifications and dimensions for the gauges used on Unified inch screw threads (UN, UNR, UNJ thread form) on externally and internally threaded products. Application specific testing is required for large fasteners. 5� h50, 5� h�* 5�j h�* UmH nH u hZn3 h50, h�* CJ aJ h50, h�* h�* For further reference, also see ASME B18.2.4.2M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts, Style 2.". Preload loss can also be measured over time. Retightening after several minutes to several days may be required. Screw Thread Tables: Guide to Screw Points: Flat Washer Thickness Table: Fasteners' Inches to Metric Conversion Chart: Fasteners' Metric to Inches Conversion Chart: CAD Drawings: Part Identifier: Job Management: Torque/Tension Calculator ASME B18.2.1, "Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. 3 . The second table (and where applicable the third table) gives the design bearing resistance for the given bolt configurations. The weakest points in a bolt is the stressed area in the thread root. The recommended maximum preload P0 is EMBED Equation.3 where Sp,s = proof strength of bolt (psi) cu = 0.75 for reusable connections, 0.9 for permanent connections. Thread class refers to the acceptable range of pitch diameter for any given thread. where. Shear loads are also produced due to preload torque. In general, a fastener is considered large if it has a diameter > 3/4�. Ab = Nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part, in 2 Fn = Nominal tensile strength, Ft = 0.75 Fu Fu = minimum tensile strength of bolt material, LRFD Table 2-3 A307 Grade A: Fu = 60 ksi A325: Fu = 120 ksi (for 0.5 in. 3 E M B E D E q u a t i o n . Preloaded bolts High preload tension increases joint strength, creates friction between parts to resist shear, and improves the fatigue resistance of bolted connections. to 1.5 in.) 3 w h e r e a�i = t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n f o r t h e i t h e l e m e n t . All units are in inches. Fan Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ D. Williamson, Modular Coil System (WBS 14) Manager Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ B. Nelson, RLM for Stellarator Core Systems (WBS 1) Design and Procurements Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ L. Dudek, RLM for Stellarator Core Systems (WBS 1) On-site Fabrication Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ P. Heitzenroeder, PPPL Mechanical Engineering Division Head Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ J. Levine, ES&H Concur: ______________________________________________________________________________ J. Malsbury, Quality Assurance Approved by: _________________________________________________________________________ W. Reiersen, Engineering Manager Record of Revisions RevisionDateECPDescription of ChangeRev. Most (but certainly not all) threaded items are made to a classification standard called the Unified Screw Thread Standard Series. Therefore, the bolts are subjected to both tensile and shear loading simultaneously. b = the cross-sectional area of the bolt, in2 L c = clear distance between edges of bolt holes or edge of bolt hole and edge of plate in the direction of the applied load. The torque-preload relationships and the preload loss are determined by direct measurements taken from instrumented joint specimens. T h e c h a n g e i n p r e l o a d D�P i s E M B E D E q u a t i o n . The joint stiffness kj is related to the individual stiffness values as shown below. In other words, the length of engagement of mating threads should be sufficient to carry the full load necessary to break the screw without the threads stripping. A valid application specific test must include an adequate sample and an acceptable statistical analysis. to 1 in. This distance is equal to center to center of bolt hole distance minus the bolt diameter plus 1/8 in … A locking device shall be used to prevent failure due to loose bolts. � The purpose of this table is to show the results of the above formula. A = (π / 4) (d n - 0.9743/ n) 2 (1) where This page provides tables listing sizes of inch and metric bolts, nuts, and washers. Fed-STD-H28 . This system is analogous to the fits used with assembled parts. to 1.5 in.) P a r t o f t h e l o a d w i l l r e s u l t i n a n i n c r e a s e o f t h e j o i n t t h i c k n e s s , r e s u l t i n g i n a d e c r e a s e i n t h e l o a d o n t h e j o i n t D�P e , j . 3 w h e r e s�t i s t h e a x i a l a p p l i e d t e n s i l e s t r e s s a n d t�s i s t h e s h e a r s t r e s s c a u s e d b y t h e t o r s i o n l o a d a p p l i c a t i o n . The HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" \o "International Organization for Standardization" International Organization for Standardization's HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" \o "ISO metric screw thread" ISO metric screw thread preferred series, based on round millimeter dimensions, is the standard that has been adopted world-wide and has displaced all former standards, including UTS. These and other materials of comparable strength may be used in … The bolts should be long enough to provide a minimum embedded length of 30 times the bolt diameter plus 3–4 . Metric (millimeter) bolt and nut substitutions will be allowed in accordance with these tables. sources: Bolt R.H.: "Spatial Resonance and Standing Wave Patterns in Small Models of Various Shapes", JASA 10 (1939) But, if calculated based on the net tensile area of 0.606 in.2 given in Table 7-18, the strength would be 51.4 kips. Creep is generally an effect of softer material or bolt material at elevated temperature. C E F G H J K S W X Y Z e f � � � H I P � h�#? T h e l o a d i n g p l a n e f a c t o r m i s d e f i n e d a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e distance between loading planes divided by the total thickness of the joint. The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.6.3, Table 29, "Dimensions of Plain (Unslotted) and Slotted Regular and Large Hex Head Screws." The length shown includes the height of the Raised Face in all cases. Design equations are taken from the reference documents in which English units are used. Since bolt holes could have sharp edges or burrs, washers are used to protect the fillet under the bolt head from scratching since this is a critical area that is prone to failure. Accordingly, Table 7-2 uses the nominal bolt area and reflects the similar format used in the Specification where A b is defined as the nominal unthreaded body area. To suit R.F. ASME B18.21.1, "Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, Tooth Lock, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. The original UTS standard may be found in ASA (now HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" \o "American National Standards Institute" ANSI) publication, Vol. Bolting materials are subject to the limitations given in following paras. Class 1 threads are loosely fitting threads intended for ease of assembly or use in a dirty environment. Bolted joint design methodology Critical stress areas of bolt threads [1] The critical areas of stress of mating threads are: The tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) The shear area of the external thread (bolt) The shear area of the internal thread (hole) Tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) For steels of up to 100,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, the tensile stress area of the bolt thread At is EMBED Equation.3 where D = basic major diameter of the thread (in) n = number of threads per inch For steels of over 100,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, the tensile stress area of the bolt thread is EMBED Equation.3 where Es,min = minimum pitch diameter of external thread (in) Shear area of the external thread (bolt) The shear area of the external thread (bolt), which depends principally on the minor diameter of the tapped hole, is EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 where Kn,max = maximum minor diameter of internal thread (in) Le = fastener engagement length (in) Shear area of the internal thread The shear area of the internal thread (hole), which depends principally on the major diameter of the external thread, is EMBED Equation.3 where Ds,min = minimum major diameter of external thread (in) En,max = maximum pitch diameter of internal thread (in) Required length of thread engagement [1] If failure of a threaded assembly should occur, it is preferable for the bolt to break rather than have either the external or internal thread strip because the failure is much easier to detect. This section contains tables of sizes for inch thread hardware. Any portion of the projected area that falls within an open cell, open … Type A washers come in 2 series: Narrow and Wide. Re-torquing of preloaded bolts [2] Re-torquing of preloaded bolts using torque measurements as the means of determining the preload often results in unexpected preload values. Class 3 threads are used for closer tolerances. 3 . The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.1, Table 2, "Dimensions of Hex Bolts.". Technical information Form and pitch UTS thread form and pitch technical specifications are currently controlled by ASME/ANSI industry standards in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" \o "United States" United States: ASME/ANSI B1.1 - 2003 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UN & UNR Thread Form ASME/ANSI B1.10M - 2004 Unified Miniature Screw Threads ASME/ANSI B1.15 - 1995 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UNJ Thread Form HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Unified_Thread_Diagram.gif" \o "" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Unified_Thread_Diagram.gif/550px-Unified_Thread_Diagram.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET P = 1 / TeethPerInchH = 0.866025 * PH1 = 0.541266 * Pd1 = d + 1.082532 * Pd2 = d + 0.433013 * PD = dD1 = d1D2 = d2 Gauging A screw thread gauging system comprises a list of screw thread characteristics that must be inspected to establish the dimensional acceptability of the screw threads on a threaded product and the gauge(s) which shall be used when inspecting those characteristics. It also establishes the criteria for screw thread acceptance when a gauging system is used. 578 3/4 7/8 Nominal Bolt Area, In.2 0.307 0.442 0.601 0.785 Fn/ OFRU ASTM Thread (ksi) Iksi Load- (1912, Dura 12, Ourne, Ourn Outh Desig. Affordable PDH credits for your PE license, Hardware Sizes: Unified Inch Screw Thread. The minimum hole diameters are given. The nut-turn angle would then have to be determined empirically using a simulated joint and a tension-measuring device. Fatigue S-N data may be obtained from the manufacture. Differences in thermal expansion of the bolts and flange materials that might cause preload to increase or decrease must be taken into consideration. The tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) The shear area of the external thread (bolt) The shear area of the internal thread (hole) Tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) For steels of up to 100,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, the tensile stress area of the bolt thread At is. As a general rule, an allowance for loss of preload of about 5 per cent [3] may be made when designing a joint. Washers also serve to distribute the preload and applied force over a larger area, both on the bolt head and on the faces of the clamped parts. The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.2, Table 1-1, "Dimensions of Square and Hex Machine Screw Nuts." Try our bolted joint calculator based on the methodology described here. The ultrasonic method of measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. Bolting listed in below table is recommended for use in flanged joints covered by this standard. Screw Thread Tables: Guide to Screw Points: Flat Washer Thickness Table: Fasteners' Inches to Metric Conversion Chart: Fasteners' Metric to Inches Conversion Chart: CAD Drawings: Part Identifier: Job Management: Torque/Tension Calculator The resulting preload changes on the bolt and joint are EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 Relationship between bolt fatigue life and bolt preload Fatigue life of a bolt is determined by the magnitudes of mean and alternating stress imposed on the bolt by external cyclic loads. Note: The bolt embedment depth shall be greater than or equal to Lj , as given in Table IB for all bolt types. Therefore, a bolt that has lost preload due to relaxation but as not been subject to a negative torque may be re-torqued and still considered to be in its first installation cycle. This section contains tables of sizes for metric thread hardware. Proof load is defined as the maximum tensile force that can be applied to a bolt that will not result in plastic deformation. where. The preload loss shall evaluate the short-term preload relaxation and creep of the joint materials, but not the effects of vibration and the thermal cycling. The accuracy of various bolt preload application methods has been tabulated in literature. ANSI/ ASME EXTERNAL Screw Thread Size Chart. Check out our bolted joint calculator based on the methodology described here. Preload test shall include both the through-bolt joint and tapped-bolt joint. The proof strength is the stress that can be tolerated without any permanent deformation and can be approximated by 85% of the yield strength. The so called "Bolt-area" indicates a accumulation of good room ratios. The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine pitch thread was created using the standard sizes from ASME B1.13M. The turn-of-nut method, therefore, is not valid if there is a significant deformation of the nut and joint material relative to that of the bolt. ASME B18.2.8, "Clearance Holes for Bolts, Screws, and Studs," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. The time required for the sound pulse to return depends on the length of the bolt and the speed of sound in the bolt material. Class of thread A classification system exists for ease of manufacture and interchangeability of fabricated threaded items.

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