Of course even a laser whose output is normally continuous can be intentionally turned on and off at some rate in order to create pulses of light. This process is called "spontaneous emission". [19] Another type is a Raman laser, which takes advantage of Raman scattering to produce a laser from materials such as silicon. The molecular fluorine laser, emitting at 157 nm in the vacuum ultraviolet is sometimes referred to as an excimer laser, however this appears to be a misnomer inasmuch as F2 is a stable compound. It is also notable for use as a mode-locked laser producing ultrashort pulses of extremely high peak power. Although different lasers produce light of different wavelengths, all operate on the same basic principle. In the latter case, the photon is emitted in the same direction as the light that is passing by. Lasers that produce pulses can also be characterized based on the peak power of each pulse. In some other lasers, it would require pumping the laser at a very high continuous power level which would be impractical or destroy the laser by producing excessive heat. Semiconductor lasers are diodes which are electrically pumped. Silicon is the material of choice for integrated circuits, and so electronic and silicon photonic components (such as optical interconnects) could be fabricated on the same chip. Class 3B can cause immediate eye damage upon exposure. If the gain (amplification) in the medium is larger than the resonator losses, then the power of the recirculating light can rise exponentially. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and the like). Semiconductor lasers (laser diodes) are typically not referred to as solid-state lasers. In other words, the shorter the wavelength of the light, the higher will be the energy of the photon. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar. [1][11] Gould's linguistic intention was using the "-aser" word particle as a suffix – to accurately denote the spectrum of the light emitted by the LASER device; thus x-rays: xaser, ultraviolet: uvaser, et cetera; none established itself as a discrete term, although "raser" was briefly popular for denoting radio-frequency-emitting devices. Pulse Frequency (Hz) Max. When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution looking for a problem". [22] In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R.C. Gould won his first minor patent in 1977, yet it was not until 1987 that he won the first significant patent lawsuit victory, when a Federal judge ordered the U.S. Patent Office to issue patents to Gould for the optically pumped and the gas discharge laser devices. Holmium-doped YAG crystals emit at 2097 nm and form an efficient laser operating at infrared wavelengths strongly absorbed by water-bearing tissues. Spatial coherence is typically expressed through the output being a narrow beam, which is diffraction-limited. Such very high power lasers are especially of interest to the military, however continuous wave chemical lasers at very high power levels, fed by streams of gasses, have been developed and have some industrial applications. Pump light may be provided by a flash lamp or by another laser. Atoms consist of a nucleus, made up of protons neutrons and a cloud of electrons that circle the nucleus in orbits defined by their various energy levels. Today, it is accepted that even low-power lasers with only a few milliwatts of output power can be hazardous to human eyesight when the beam hits the eye directly or after reflection from a shiny surface. In 2012, Nichia and OSRAM developed and manufactured commercial high-power green laser diodes (515/520 nm), which compete with traditional diode-pumped solid-state lasers.[50][51]. Following the invention of the HeNe gas laser, many other gas discharges have been found to amplify light coherently. Obviously, the same laser able to drill holes in metal cannot be used for cataract surgery, which is why different lasers operate at different wavelengths from ultraviolet through the visible light spectrum to infrared. [91], "Lase" redirects here. [18] Specialized optical systems can produce more complex beam geometries, such as Bessel beams and optical vortexes. A mode-locked laser is capable of emitting extremely short pulses on the order of tens of picoseconds down to less than 10 femtoseconds. Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified (increases in power). Jul 14, 2020, Manufacturing Safety Tips during COVID-19 The People You Trust Since 1996 we have been providing honest and trusted advice with a commitment to help you find the perfect laser solution. A voltage (the external pump source) is applied to the tube to excite the atoms in the gas to a population inversion. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The resonator typically consists of two mirrors between which a coherent beam of light travels in both directions, reflecting back on itself so that an average photon will pass through the gain medium repeatedly before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption. [42][43] This was accomplished by using an external maser to induce "optical transparency" in the medium by introducing and destructively interfering the ground electron transitions between two paths, so that the likelihood for the ground electrons to absorb any energy has been cancelled. There are many types of lasers including gas lasers, fiber lasers, solid state lasers, dye lasers, diode lasers and excimer lasers. LASOS Product portfolio LASOS designs, develops and manufactures high quality gas, diode and diode-pumped solid-state lasers from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared with special focus on OEM applications in Biophotonics, Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Holography. "Inherent fingerprint luminescence – detection by laser". Thin disk lasers have been shown to produce beams of up to one kilowatt.[46]. Quantum cascade lasers are semiconductor lasers that have an active transition between energy sub-bands of an electron in a structure containing several quantum wells. An example of a suitable material is titanium-doped, artificially grown sapphire (Ti:sapphire) which has a very wide gain bandwidth and can thus produce pulses of only a few femtoseconds duration. [citation needed], Photonic crystal lasers are lasers based on nano-structures that provide the mode confinement and the density of optical states (DOS) structure required for the feedback to take place. Nanosecond fiber lasers with good beam quality (low M 2) are excellent for marking and microprocessing/ micromachining applications.The introduction several years ago by IPG Photonics of low average power nanosecond fiber lasers for general purpose marking has led to a sea-change in the laser industry with almost every supplier of laser marking systems switching over to this type of fiber laser. Alternatively, temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light with a broad spectrum but durations as short as a femtosecond ("ultrashort pulses"). Typically one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is partially transparent. Intermediate wavelengths, from 380 to 740 nm, produce visible (VIS) light from violet to red. In laser ablation, for example, a small volume of material at the surface of a work piece can be evaporated if it is heated in a very short time, while supplying the energy gradually would allow for the heat to be absorbed into the bulk of the piece, never attaining a sufficiently high temperature at a particular point. Unstable laser resonators (not used in most lasers) produce fractal-shaped beams. In other words, the shorter the wavelength of the light, the higher will be the energy of the photon. This unique property of laser light, spatial coherence, cannot be replicated using standard light sources (except by discarding most of the light) as can be appreciated by comparing the beam from a flashlight (torch) or spotlight to that of almost any laser. Further use of the words laser and maser in an extended sense, not referring to laser technology or devices, can be seen in usages such as astrophysical maser and atom laser. Since different lasing materials produce light of different wavelengths, they also produce laser beams with different power levels. [70] Dr. David Cassidy of the University of California, Riverside proposed that a single such laser could be used to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction, replacing the banks of hundreds of lasers currently employed in inertial confinement fusion experiments.[70]. Access Laser and Dr. Yong Zhang were the focus of the November 2016 cover story entitled, “CO2 lasers—progressing from a varied past to an application-specific future”. Some lasers use a separate injection seeder to start the process off with a beam that is already highly coherent. 3409 East Linden St. Caldwell, Idaho 83605 Phone: +1 (208) 454-1988 Toll-Free: +1 (877) 565-0888 Email: info@fiberguide.com In 1953, Charles Hard Townes and graduate students James P. Gordon and Herbert J. Zeiger produced the first microwave amplifier, a device operating on similar principles to the laser, but amplifying microwave radiation rather than infrared or visible radiation. For a given pulse energy, this requires creating pulses of the shortest possible duration utilizing techniques such as Q-switching. [60] It was conjectured that the nucleus of an atom, embedded in the near field of a laser-driven coherently-oscillating electron cloud would experience a larger dipole field than that of the driving laser. Others such as Isidor Rabi and Polykarp Kusch expected that it would be impractical and not worth the effort. These gain media could release stimulated emissions between an excited state and a lower excited state, not the ground state, facilitating the maintenance of a population inversion. Near the "waist" (or focal region) of a laser beam, it is highly collimated: the wavefronts are planar, normal to the direction of propagation, with no beam divergence at that point. The U.S. Patent Office denied his application, and awarded a patent to Bell Labs, in 1960. Most "single wavelength" lasers actually produce radiation in several modes with slightly different wavelengths. Like astrophysical masers, irradiated planetary or stellar gases may amplify light producing a natural laser. On May 16, 1960, Theodore H. Maiman operated the first functioning laser[29][30] at Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California, ahead of several research teams, including those of Townes, at Columbia University, Arthur Schawlow, at Bell Labs,[31] and Gould, at the TRG (Technical Research Group) company. [80] In the same year, approximately 733 million diode lasers, valued at $3.20 billion, were sold.[81]. QPC Lasers Inc. is a leader in high performance diode lasers for medical, industrial and consumer applications. When an optical amplifier is placed inside a resonant optical cavity, one obtains a laser.[14]. [1][2][3] The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. New threads require approval of community and/or administrator. Dec 02, 2020, Understanding Beveled Edges In 1962, Robert N. Hall demonstrated the first laser diode device, which was made of gallium arsenide and emitted in the near-infrared band of the spectrum at 850 nm. Excimer lasers are a special sort of gas laser powered by an electric discharge in which the lasing medium is an excimer, or more precisely an exciplex in existing designs. The shortest wavelengths, from 10 to 400 nanometers (nm), produce ultraviolet (UV) light. [16] This, combined with the filtering effect of the optical resonator gives laser light its characteristic coherence, and may give it uniform polarization and monochromaticity, depending on the resonator's design. Thermal limitations in solid-state lasers arise from unconverted pump power that heats the medium. They have been used for car headlamps on luxury cars, by using a blue laser and a phosphor to produce highly directional white light.[4][5][6][7]. Simultaneously, at Columbia University, graduate student Gordon Gould was working on a doctoral thesis about the energy levels of excited thallium. Upon bathing the cell with blue light, it could be seen to emit directed and intense green laser light. Class 4 lasers can burn skin, and in some cases, even scattered light can cause eye and/or skin damage. Pulse Energy (mJ) Max. Here are a couple of references that you might be interested in –  Types of Lasers. The efficiency of a CO2 laser is unusually high: over 30%. Commercial laser diodes emit at wavelengths from 375 nm to 3500 nm. Get started now. Thus such a gain medium must have a gain bandwidth sufficiently broad to amplify those frequencies. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. Posted by Jason Wickersham on Jan 06, 2016. The device has potential for applications in quantum computing. Living cells have been used to produce laser light. The fundamental laser linewidth[17] of light emitted from the lasing resonator can be orders of magnitude narrower than the linewidth of light emitted from the passive resonator. The label "eye-safe" can be misleading, however, as it applies only to relatively low power continuous wave beams; a high power or Q-switched laser at these wavelengths can burn the cornea, causing severe eye damage, and even moderate power lasers can injure the eye. They are potentially very efficient and high powered due to a small quantum defect. VECSELs are external-cavity VCSELs. Gould's notes included possible applications for a laser, such as spectrometry, interferometry, radar, and nuclear fusion. Thus, the "pencil beam" directly generated by a common helium–neon laser would spread out to a size of perhaps 500 kilometers when shone on the Moon (from the distance of the earth). The back-formed verb to lase is frequently used in the field, meaning "to produce laser light,"[12] especially in reference to the gain medium of a laser; when a laser is operating it is said to be "lasing". That provoked a twenty-eight-year lawsuit, featuring scientific prestige and money as the stakes. Some of the light escapes through this mirror. The lasing medium in some dye lasers and vibronic solid-state lasers produces optical gain over a wide bandwidth, making a laser possible which can thus generate pulses of light as short as a few femtoseconds (10−15 s). The question of just how to assign credit for inventing the laser remains unresolved by historians.[28]. They are most commonly used to treat superficial cancers that are on the surface of the body or the lining of internal organs. May 08, 2020. It may be more expensive than other treatments.[82][83]. Most laser diodes used in communication systems fall in that category. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission. If the applied pump power is too small, the gain will never be sufficient to overcome the cavity losses, and laser light will not be produced. The gain medium of a laser is normally a material of controlled purity, size, concentration, and shape, which amplifies the beam by the process of stimulated emission described above. That is possible due to the light being of a single spatial mode. [73][74] The cells were genetically engineered to produce green fluorescent protein (GFP). Frequency-doubled diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) lasers are used to make bright green laser pointers. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Depending on the design of the cavity (whether the mirrors are flat or curved), the light coming out of the laser may spread out or form a narrow beam. Free-electron lasers, or FELs, generate coherent, high power radiation that is widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves through terahertz radiation and infrared to the visible spectrum, to soft X-rays. In 1970, Zhores Alferov, in the USSR, and Izuo Hayashi and Morton Panish of Bell Telephone Laboratories also independently developed room-temperature, continual-operation diode lasers, using the heterojunction structure. Laser therapy is often combined with other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. 1998. Newer Post →, Optical Coatings and Cost In 1958, Bell Labs filed a patent application for their proposed optical maser; and Schawlow and Townes submitted a manuscript of their theoretical calculations to the Physical Review, published that year in Volume 112, Issue No. With increasing beam power the net gain (gain minus loss) reduces to unity and the gain medium is said to be saturated. Many of these lasers actually lase in several longitudinal modes at the same time, and beats between the slightly different optical frequencies of those oscillations will, in fact, produce amplitude variations on time scales shorter than the round-trip time (the reciprocal of the frequency spacing between modes), typically a few nanoseconds or less. A laser beam profiler is used to measure the intensity profile, width, and divergence of laser beams. However even such a divergent beam can be transformed into a similarly collimated beam by means of a lens system, as is always included, for instance, in a laser pointer whose light originates from a laser diode. The first widely noticeable use of lasers was the supermarket barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. [77] Since then, they have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military. In the early technical literature, especially at Bell Telephone Laboratories, the laser was called an optical maser; this term is now obsolete.[10]. Y10: Ytterbium-doped fiber laser system for operation in the 1030-1120 nm wavelength range with narrow linewidth and low-intensity noise. Some lasers are not single spatial mode and have light beams that diverge more than is required by the diffraction limit. The pursuit of a high-quantum-energy laser using transitions between isomeric states of an atomic nucleus has been the subject of wide-ranging academic research since the early 1970s. 80 kHz Spectral Linewidth. The concept originally was called an "optical maser". The helium–neon laser (HeNe) is able to operate at a number of different wavelengths, however the vast majority are engineered to lase at 633 nm; these relatively low cost but highly coherent lasers are extremely common in optical research and educational laboratories. Recombination of electrons and holes created by the applied current introduces optical gain. [clarification needed] They are typical micrometer-sized[dubious – discuss] and tunable on the bands of the photonic crystals. Infrared lasers with wavelengths longer than about 1.4 micrometers are often referred to as "eye-safe", because the cornea tends to absorb light at these wavelengths, protecting the retina from damage. Lasers are more precise than traditional surgery methods and cause less damage, pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. A disadvantage is that surgeons must have specialized training. This is a quantum phenomenon discovered by Albert Einstein who derived the relationship between the A coefficient describing spontaneous emission and the B coefficient which applies to absorption and stimulated emission. They are used for cutting, welding and marking of metals and other materials, and also in spectroscopy and for pumping dye lasers. Cameras based on charge-coupled devices may actually be more sensitive to laser damage than biological eyes. Moreover, in 1958, Prokhorov independently proposed using an open resonator, the first published appearance (in the USSR) of this idea. Sacher Lasertechnik celebrates 20th anniversary A view on exciting and moving years of a small but smart company in laser technology. At LASER COMPONENTS stability, continuity, and decisions aimed at long-term success meet with dynamics, flexibility, shallow hierarchies, and a short decision making process. For continuous wave operation, it is required for the population inversion of the gain medium to be continually replenished by a steady pump source. Excimer lasers typically operate at ultraviolet wavelengths with major applications including semiconductor photolithography and LASIK eye surgery. The gain medium is put into an excited state by an external source of energy. Dalrymple B.E. Lasers are used in optical disk drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, DNA sequencing instruments, fiber-optic, semiconducting chip manufacturing (photolithography), and free-space optical communication, laser surgery and skin treatments, cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed, and in laser lighting displays for entertainment. [57], Some of the early studies were directed toward short pulses of neutrons exciting the upper isomer state in a solid so the gamma-ray transition could benefit from the line-narrowing of Mössbauer effect. This first semiconductor laser could only be used in pulsed-beam operation, and when cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). Contact Us About This Product. 100. Reflection from the ends of the crystal form an optical resonator, although the resonator can be external to the semiconductor in some designs. This process is called stimulated emission. Northrop Grumman's Press Release on the Firestrike 15 kW tactical laser product. [21] In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter. [71][72] Such devices would be one-shot weapons. Dye lasers use an organic dye as the gain medium. The gain medium absorbs pump energy, which raises some electrons into higher-energy ("excited") quantum states. He: Absorb CO 2 and excess energy, cool the system and turn it into heat. Some applications of lasers depend on a beam whose output power is constant over time. Laser Generating Gas. A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to energize it, and something to provide optical feedback. The cells were then placed between two tiny mirrors, just 20 millionths of a meter across, which acted as the "laser cavity" in which light could bounce many times through the cell. For light, this means that any given transition will only absorb one particular wavelength of light. This can produce beams with a narrower spectrum than would otherwise be possible. Later that year, Nick Holonyak, Jr. demonstrated the first semiconductor laser with a visible emission. Such a laser is known as continuous wave (CW). All of these laser types share a basic set of components. The word laser started as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". Townes's maser was incapable of continuous output. The emitted photon has random phase and direction, but its wavelength matches the absorption wavelength of the transition. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two of which are shown below: An electron in an atom can absorb energy from light (photons) or heat (phonons) only if there is a transition between energy levels that matches the energy carried by the photon or phonon. Ytterbium, holmium, thulium, and erbium are other common "dopants" in solid-state lasers. Although these tunable lasers are mainly known in their liquid form, researchers have also demonstrated narrow-linewidth tunable emission in dispersive oscillator configurations incorporating solid-state dye gain media. Emission can be spontaneous or stimulated. A laser weapon is a laser that is used as a directed-energy weapon. Laser diodes are also frequently used to optically pump other lasers with high efficiency. Search our inventory by specification, application, product name or keyword. On the other hand, the light from a semiconductor laser typically exits the tiny crystal with a large divergence: up to 50°. [19], In 2017, researchers from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), together with US researchers from JILA, a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder, established a new world record by developing an erbium-doped fiber laser with a linewidth of only 10 millihertz.[37][38]. Use our online quote tool for a fast estimate on your next project. [9] A beam produced by a thermal or other incoherent light source has an instantaneous amplitude and phase that vary randomly with respect to time and position, thus having a short coherence length. For pulsed lasers and invisible wavelengths, other power limits apply. The index of the three concentric layers is chosen so that the fiber core acts as a single-mode fiber for the laser emission while the outer cladding acts as a highly multimode core for the pump laser. A ruby laser (depicted earlier) is a solid-state laser and emits at a wavelength of 694 nm. What Determines the Wavelength of a Laser? "Laser Materials Processing", 2nd Ed. Lasers can be a hazard to both civil and military aviation, due to the potential to temporarily distract or blind pilots. Recent developments have also shown the use of monolithically integrated nanowire lasers directly on silicon for optical interconnects, paving the way for chip level applications. The highest power industrial laser diodes, with power up to 20 kW, are used in industry for cutting and welding. 1527nm ~ 1568nm TUNEABLE Laser, 60mW across C-Band. The minimum pump power needed to begin laser action is called the lasing threshold. Steen, W.M. Lenses, windows and mirrors supplied by Esco Optics play an important role in assuring this precision. Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for different performance goals, including: In 2015, researchers made a white laser, whose light is modulated by a synthetic nanosheet made out of zinc, cadmium, sulfur, and selenium that can emit red, green, and blue light in varying proportions, with each wavelength spanning 191 nm. [32][33][34], In 2017, researchers at TU Delft demonstrated an AC Josephson junction microwave laser. Other applications rely on the peak pulse power (rather than the energy in the pulse), especially in order to obtain nonlinear optical effects. A laser is a device that emits a beam of coherent light through an optical amplification process. The world’s first laser came into the world on May 16, 1960, a little over 50 years ago. All matter, whether a solid, a liquid or a gas, is composed of atoms. While FEL beams share the same optical traits as other lasers, such as coherent radiation, FEL operation is quite different. New and popular procedures that enable people to be rid of eyeglasses, remove unsightly moles, wrinkles and tattoos, and even streamline bikini lines would not exist. However, due to diffraction, that can only remain true well within the Rayleigh range. This type of fiber consists of a fiber core, an inner cladding and an outer cladding. The usage of the term "solid-state" in laser physics is narrower than in typical use. Different applications need lasers with different output powers. Helium-silver (HeAg) 224 nm and neon-copper (NeCu) 248 nm are two examples. Due to the large peak power and the ability to generate phase-stabilized trains of ultrafast laser pulses, mode-locking ultrafast lasers underpin precision metrology and spectroscopy applications.[19]. Lasers are distinguished from other light sources by their coherence. All these lasers can produce high powers in the infrared spectrum at 1064 nm. The emitted photon exactly matches the original photon in wavelength, phase, and direction. Gas lasers consist of a gas filled tube placed in the laser cavity as shown in figure 6. The development of a silicon laser is important in the field of optical computing. Fiber-optic communication using lasers is a key technology in modern communications, allowing services such as the Internet. This photon will exactly match the photon that stimulated it in both wavelength and phase. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure, Lasing without maintaining the medium excited into a population inversion, Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, "Semiconductor Sources: Laser plus phosphor emits white light without droop", "Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications", "Laser light for headlights: Latest trend in car lighting | OSRAM Automotive", "Phase aspect in photon emission and absorption", "Spectral coherence, Part I: Passive resonator linewidth, fundamental laser linewidth, and Schawlow-Townes approximation", "Long-term mutual phase locking of picosecond pulse pairs generated by a semiconductor nanowire laser", "Il rischio da laser: cosa è e come affrontarlo; analisi di un problema non così lontano da noi", "American Institute of Physics Oral History Interview with Joseph Weber", "For The First Time, A Laser That Shines Pure White", "Researchers demonstrate the world's first white lasers", "Scientists Finally Created a White Laser—and It Could Light Your Home", "Researchers demonstrate new type of laser", "The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has developed a laser with a linewidth of only 10 mHz", "High-power direct-diode lasers for cutting and welding", "Picolight ships first 4-Gbit/s 1310-nm VCSEL transceivers", "Maximum density and capture rates of neutrons moderated from a pulsed source", "Interlevel transfer mechanisms and their application to grasers", "Theorem relating spatial and temporal harmonics for nuclear interlevel transfer driven by collective electronic oscillation", "Primer on coupling collective electronic oscillations to nuclei", "A solvable approximate model for the response of atoms subjected to strong oscillatory electric fields", "Discovery of Natural Gain Amplification in the 10-Micrometer Carbon Dioxide Laser Bands on Mars: A Natural Laser", "Laser Marketplace 2005: Consumer applications boost laser sales 10%", "Diode-laser market grows at a slower rate", "Laser therapy for cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia", "Howto: Make a DVD burner into a high-powered laser", "Green Laser 400 mW burn a box CD in 4-second", "Laser Diode Power Output Based on DVD-R/RW specs", "How to select a surgical veterinary laser", Orchestrating the world's most powerful laser, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology, A Practical Guide to Lasers for Experimenters and Hobbyists, Powerful laser is 'brightest light in the universe'.

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